أهم آليات حماية المال العام ومكافحة الفساد المالي في السياسة الإدارية الرومانية وتطبيقاتها في مصر30ق.م - 641م دراسة وصفية تحليلية في فلسفة القانون الإداري وتاريخه د. ماجد هاشم كيلاني

Abstract: This research examines the most important mechanisms for protecting public funds and combating financial corruption in the Roman public administration system and their applications in Egypt during the period from 30 BC to 641 AD. It employs a descriptive and analytical approach within the philosophy and history of administrative law. The research aims to clarify the concept of public funds in the Roman system, reveal the foundations upon which their protection was based, and analyze the policies and methods employed by the Romans to safeguard them and limit instances of misappropriation or exploitation of public office for personal gain. The research also addresses the most significant financial and administrative reforms that contributed to protecting public funds, most notably the regulation and pricing of government services, the organization of financial resources, the strengthening of documentation and government records, and the creation of specialized financial and supervisory positions. Furthermore, it examines measures related to regulating the filling of public positions and improving the financial conditions of state employees The research also reviews the most important preventive and oversight measures taken by the Romans to combat financial corruption. These included monitoring the assets of public officials and those holding public office, public oversight, and legislation limiting extravagance, waste, and squandering. Furthermore, the Romans utilized certain groups with religious and social standing to oversee financial affairs. The research also addresses the judicial mechanisms and penalties established for misappropriation of public funds. This involved the creation of specialized judicial bodies, the prosecution of public officials found guilty of embezzlement or misuse of public funds, and the diversification and intensification of penalties according to the nature and severity of the offense, taking into account personal circumstances and the surrounding context, and ensuring proportionality between the act and the punishment. The research concludes that Roman policy for protecting public funds was not limited to criminalizing misappropriation and punishing perpetrators. Rather, it was based on an integrated system that combined financial and administrative organization, preventive measures, oversight, judicial accountability, and penalties. This system contributed to the effective management of state resources and the reduction of financial and administrative corruption. The study also showed that protecting public funds was linked to protecting the public interest, ensuring administrative stability, and guaranteeing the continued operation of public facilities and services. Furthermore, the Roman experience provided early examples of several principles related to administrative and legal thought, particularly the principle of administrative responsibility, oversight of public officials, proportionality between offense and penalty, and the principle that political or administrative position does not exempt individuals from accountability. Keywords: Public funds, Roman law, Roman era, Romans, history of law, administrative corruption, financial corruption.

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