The Growth of Political Satire and its Development in the Umayyad Era 10.35781/1637-000-168-006

Abstract

This research aims to study the growth and development of political satire in the Umayyad era. Several factors led to the flourishing of political poetry and its first appearance during the Umayyad era. At the pinnacle of this poetry was political satire, a subject worthy of study and analysis. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, which involves collecting, analyzing and describing the phenomenon to reach the desired results. Among the most prominent findings were: the role of rulers in escalating the flames of satire among poets; their role in fueling tribalism; the expansion of the effects of political satire to include prejudice for regionalism; and the poets have been influenced by Islamic spirit in their satire on rulers and governors. The research is divided into an introduction and two sections. The first section examines the influence of the pre-Islamic environment on political satire, studying it through the lens of personal, tribal and regional bias. The second section focuses on the impact of the Islamic environment on political satire, as clearly shown in the satire directed by poets to rulers and governors. The research yielded the following findings: 1- The Bedouins played a role in the resurgence of pre-Islamic tribalism. 2- Many Umayyad rulers and their governors played a prominent role in fanning the flames of pre-Islamic tribalism, which contributed to the emergence of political satire. 3- The rulers’ incitement of rivalry among poets contributed to the flourishing and development of political satire. 4- The prevalence of wars and revolutions led to the emergence of regionalism in political poetry. 5- Poets satirized governors as a result of the freedom they granted to poets. 6- Poets were influenced by the Islamic spirit in their poetry when satirizing rulers and governors. 7- Political satire served to critique politics and expose corruption. Keywords: satire Political, personality, tribal, Islamic